What methods can be used to improve the performance of data read and write operations in a database?

To improve the performance of read and write operations in a database, the following methods can be used:

• Indexing: creating indexes on frequently used columns speeds up searches.
• Caching: storing frequently requested data in memory (e.g., Redis).
• Batching: combining multiple write operations into a single transaction.
• Using prepared statements for recurring queries.
• Query optimization: avoid SELECT *, use only necessary fields.
• Horizontal scaling and replication to distribute load.

Example in Go using prepared statements:

stmt, err := db.Prepare("INSERT INTO users(name, age) VALUES(?, ?)")
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}
_, err = stmt.Exec("Alice", 30)
if err != nil {
    log.Fatal(err)
}