What methods can be used to prevent deadlocks in a multithreaded environment?

To prevent deadlocks in a multithreaded environment, several approaches can be used:

• Avoid nested locks: try not to acquire multiple mutexes simultaneously.
• Determine the order of resource acquisition: always lock mutexes in the same order across all threads.
• Use timeouts when acquiring locks: if the lock is not obtained within a certain time, release already acquired resources and retry.
• Apply higher-level synchronization constructs: for example, channels in Go, which help avoid explicit locks.

Example of ordered mutex acquisition in Go:

var mu1, mu2 sync.Mutex

func safeFunc() {
    mu1.Lock()
    defer mu1.Unlock()

    mu2.Lock()
    defer mu2.Unlock()

    // work with resources
}

It is important that all functions that acquire these mutexes do so in the same order.