What happens when a URL is entered into a browser? Describe the process from DNS query to page rendering.

When entering a URL in a browser, the following process occurs:

1. Parsing the URL — the browser breaks down the entered address into parts (protocol, domain, path).

2. DNS query — the browser contacts the DNS server to obtain the IP address of the domain.

3. Establishing a TCP connection — the browser establishes a connection with the server via IP and port (usually 80 or 443).

4. TLS handshake (if HTTPS) — a secure connection is established.

5. Sending an HTTP request — the browser sends a request to the server (GET, POST, etc.).

6. Receiving the HTTP response — the server returns data (HTML, CSS, JS, images).

7. Processing the response — the browser starts parsing HTML, building the DOM.

8. Requesting additional resources — the browser detects links to CSS, JS, images and requests them.

9. Executing scripts and styling — the browser applies CSS, executes JS, which may modify the DOM.

10. Rendering the page — the browser displays the content to the user.

This process may repeat during dynamic page updates or navigation.