By which kernel technologies is container isolation ensured?

Container isolation in the Linux kernel is primarily achieved through two technologies: namespaces and cgroups.

• Namespaces create an isolated space for processes, the filesystem, network interfaces, and other resources. This allows a container to see only its processes, network, mounts, etc., as if it were running on a separate machine.

• Control Groups (cgroups) limit and control the resource usage (CPU, memory, disk, network) for a group of processes, preventing the container from exceeding its allocated limits.

Together, these mechanisms enable running multiple isolated containers on a single kernel, ensuring security and resource management.