What mechanisms ensure data transmission reliability?

Data transmission reliability is ensured by several key mechanisms:

• Error checking — using checksums (e.g., CRC) to detect data corruption.
• Acknowledgment (ACK) — the receiver sends confirmation that data has been received correctly.
• Retransmission — if acknowledgment is not received, data is sent again.
• End-to-end encryption and integrity check — to protect against tampering and distortion.
• Flow control — prevents buffer overflow at the receiver.
• Congestion control — regulates the transmission rate in the network.

Example: all these mechanisms are implemented in the TCP protocol, ensuring reliable data delivery over an unreliable IP network.