What protocols or methods were used for secure remote access before SSH?

Before the advent of SSH for secure remote access, the following methods and protocols were used:

• Telnet with channel-level encryption — Telnet itself did not encrypt data, but VPNs or tunneling were sometimes used for protection.
• Rlogin and Rsh — remote login and command execution protocols, but they did not provide encryption and were considered insecure.
• Kerberos — an authentication system that could be used for secure access to remote systems, providing authentication verification.
• SSL/TLS tunneling — some solutions used SSL to protect remote access traffic.
• VPN (Virtual Private Network) — created a secure channel for data transmission, over which regular remote access protocols were run.

Thus, before SSH, security was provided either at the network level (VPN) or through authentication systems (Kerberos), but there was no universal and simple protocol like SSH that simultaneously provides encryption, authentication, and data integrity.