What methods can be used to implement access control to certain web pages or resources on the network?

Access control to web pages and resources can be implemented using the following methods:

• Authentication and authorization at the application level: verifying users through login/password, sessions, tokens (e.g., JWT).
• Using HTTP authentication: Basic Auth, Digest Auth.
• Configuring access rights on the web server (e.g., through .htaccess in Apache or Nginx configuration).
• Implementing role-based access control (RBAC), where users are assigned roles with specific permissions.
• Using proxy servers and API Gateway for filtering and access control.
• IP filtering and VPN to restrict network access.

Example at the web server level (Nginx):

location /admin/ {
    auth_basic "Restricted Content";
    auth_basic_user_file /etc/nginx/.htpasswd;
}