Can you explain the main ideas of object-oriented programming?

Object-Oriented Programming (OOP) core ideas:

• Encapsulation — combining data (properties) and methods (functions) into a single object, hiding internal implementation from the outside world. This helps protect data and control access.

• Inheritance — a mechanism that allows creating new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods. This promotes code reuse and hierarchical organization.

• Polymorphism — the ability of objects of different classes to respond differently to the same messages (method calls). In C#, this is achieved through method overriding and interfaces.

• Abstraction — highlighting essential characteristics of an object, hiding implementation details. It allows working with objects at a higher level without delving into details.

Example in C#:

public class Animal
{
    public virtual void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Animal makes a sound");
}

public class Dog : Animal
{
    public override void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Bark");
}

public class Cat : Animal
{
    public override void Speak() => Console.WriteLine("Meow");
}

// Usage
Animal myDog = new Dog();
myDog.Speak(); // Outputs: Bark

This demonstrates inheritance, polymorphism, and encapsulation in action.