What is deadlock and what is race condition?

Deadlock — a situation where two or more processes or threads permanently block each other, waiting for resources held by the other. As a result, none of them can continue working.

Example: Process A holds resource 1 and waits for resource 2, which is occupied by process B, while process B waits for resource 1.

Race condition — a situation where the outcome of a program depends on the unpredictable order of execution of parallel operations. This can lead to errors if access to shared data is not synchronized.

Example: Two threads simultaneously read and modify a shared variable without locks, leading to incorrect values.

Both phenomena are related to parallelism, but deadlock is a blocking issue, whereas race condition is an error caused by unsynchronized access.