How is a many-to-many relationship implemented at the physical level?

Many-to-many relationships at the physical level are implemented through an intermediate (linking) table that contains foreign keys to both related tables.

For example, if there are Students and Courses tables, and one student can be enrolled in multiple courses, and a course can have many students, then a StudentCourses table is created with two columns: student_id and course_id. Each row in this table represents a single relationship between a student and a course.

This approach allows for efficient storage and management of many-to-many relationships in relational databases.