Describe in detail the processes that occur after…

Enter URL: The user enters the URL into the browser's address bar.
Parsing URL: The browser parses the URL, extracting the protocol, domain name, port, and path.
Finding IP address: The browser checks its DNS cache, the operating system's cache, and the router's cache for a stored IP address corresponding to the domain name. If not found, a request is sent to the DNS server.
DNS query: The browser sends a recursive request to the local DNS server, which may contact root, TLD, and authoritative DNS servers to obtain the IP address.
Establishing TCP connection: The browser establishes a TCP connection with the server using the obtained IP address and port (default 80 for HTTP, 443 for HTTPS). A three-way handshake occurs:
- SYN (Client to Server)
- SYN-ACK (Server to Client)
- ACK (Client to Server)
Sending HTTP request: The browser sends an HTTP request (e.g., GET /path/to/resource HTTP/1.1) to the server.
Server processes request: The server receives the request, processes it (e.g., executes application code), and forms an HTTP response.
Sending HTTP response: The server sends the HTTP response to the browser. The response includes a status code (e.g., 200 OK, 404 Not Found), headers, and a body (HTML, CSS, JS, etc.).
Receiving and parsing HTML: The browser receives the HTML code and begins parsing it, creating a DOM tree (Document Object Model).
Requests for additional resources: While parsing HTML, the browser finds links to additional resources (CSS, JavaScript, images, fonts) and sends separate HTTP requests to fetch them.
Parsing CSS and creating CSSOM: The browser parses CSS files and creates a CSSOM tree (CSS Object Model).
Creating Render Tree: The browser combines DOM and CSSOM to create a Render Tree, which contains only visible elements and their styles.
Layout (Reflow): The browser calculates the exact size and position of each element on the page.
Painting (Repaint): The browser paints pixels on the screen based on the Render Tree and Layout.
Executing JavaScript: The browser parses and executes JavaScript code. JavaScript can modify the DOM and CSSOM, potentially triggering reflow and repaint.
Completion: The page is fully loaded and ready for user interaction.

# Example of an HTTP request using Ruby (raw Socket)
require 'socket'

host = 'www.example.com'
port = 80
path = '/'

socket = TCPSocket.open(host, port) # Establish TCP connection

request = "GET #{path} HTTP/1.1\r\n" +
          "Host: #{host}\r\n" +
          "Connection: close\r\n" +
          "\r\n"

socket.print(request) # Send HTTP request

response = socket.read # Read HTTP response from server
puts response

socket.close # Close connection

# Example of using the Net::HTTP library to send a GET request
require 'net/http'
require 'uri'

uri = URI('http://www.example.com/')

Net::HTTP.start(uri.host, uri.port) do |http|
  request = Net::HTTP::Get.new(uri)
  response = http.request(request) # Send request and get response

  puts "Status code: #{response.code}"
  puts "Response body: #{response.body}"
end

Describe in detail the processes that occur after opening a browser.