How to execute shell commands from Python code locally and remotely?

To execute shell commands from Python locally, you can use the subprocess module. For example:

import subprocess

# Execute command locally
result = subprocess.run(['ls', '-l'], capture_output=True, text=True)
print(result.stdout)

For remote command execution, SSH is usually used. You can apply the paramiko library:

import paramiko

ssh = paramiko.SSHClient()
ssh.set_missing_host_key_policy(paramiko.AutoAddPolicy())
ssh.connect(hostname='remote_host', username='user', password='pass')
stdin, stdout, stderr = ssh.exec_command('ls -l')
print(stdout.read().decode())
ssh.close()

Thus, locally — via subprocess, remotely — via SSH libraries, such as paramiko.