Name the main principles of OOP and briefly characterize each of them.

Principles of OOP:

1. Inheritance — allows creating new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods, which promotes code reuse.

2. Encapsulation — hiding the internal implementation of an object and providing access to data only through specific methods, protecting data from incorrect usage.

3. Polymorphism — the ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same messages (methods) differently, which simplifies code extension and maintenance.

4. Abstraction — highlighting common characteristics of objects and hiding implementation details, helping to focus on important aspects and simplifying interaction with objects.