Can you list and describe the magic methods used in object-oriented programming?

Magic methods are special methods in object-oriented programming that are automatically called in certain situations. They may have different names in various languages, but common examples include:

• Constructor — called when creating an object, initializes it.
• Destructor — called when destroying an object (e.g., in C++).
• String conversion method (e.g., __toString() in PHP, toString() in Java) — returns a string representation of the object.
• Operator overloads (e.g., in Python __add__, __eq__) — define the behavior of operators for objects.
• Property access methods (e.g., __get, __set in PHP) — called when reading or writing properties.

Example in Python:

class MyClass:
    def __init__(self, value):
        self.value = value

    def __str__(self):
        return f"MyClass with value {self.value}"

    def __add__(self, other):
        return MyClass(self.value + other.value)

Here, __init__ is the constructor, __str__ is the string representation, and __add__ is the operator overload for addition.