What programming languages are most commonly used in test automation?

Python, Java, C#, JavaScript.

Python is popular due to its simple syntax and extensive libraries (Selenium, Pytest, unittest).

Java is widely used in the corporate environment and has powerful frameworks (Selenium WebDriver, TestNG, JUnit).

C# is often used in conjunction with Microsoft technologies and has frameworks (Selenium WebDriver, NUnit, MSTest).

JavaScript is becoming increasingly popular with the development of frontend and frameworks (Cypress, Playwright).