What methods and tools have you used for testing Android applications?

To test Android applications, I used the following methods and tools:

• Manual testing: checking the user interface, functionality, and usability on different devices and Android versions.
• Unit testing with JUnit and Mockito to verify application logic.
• Instrumented testing with Espresso for automating UI tests that simulate user actions.
• UI Automator for testing interactions between apps and system elements.
• Firebase Test Lab for running tests on real devices in the cloud.
• Crashlytics for monitoring crashes and errors.

Example of a simple Espresso test:

@Test
public void testButtonClick() {
    onView(withId(R.id.my_button))
        .perform(click());
    onView(withId(R.id.result_text))
        .check(matches(withText("Button clicked")));
}