During testing, which do you consider more effective: automated or manual Smoke testing?

Automated.

• Speed and repeatability: Automated Smoke tests are performed much faster and always the same, ensuring high repeatability of results.
• Early detection: Automation allows running Smoke tests on every code change (e.g., in CI/CD pipeline), which helps to quickly identify critical issues.
• Resource savings: After initial development costs, automated Smoke tests require minimal effort for re-execution.
• Objectivity: Automated tests are not subject to human factors, which eliminates subjective perception of results.

Manual Smoke testing can be useful for initial exploration or when tests need to be performed at very early stages of development, but for regular use in a dynamic environment, automation is much more effective.