Can you name the main ways to scale systems?

Main methods of system scaling:

1. Vertical Scaling (Scale Up) — increasing resources of a single server (CPU, RAM, disk). A simple method but limited by hardware capabilities.

2. Horizontal Scaling (Scale Out) — adding new servers to the system, distributing the load among them. Allows for almost unlimited scaling.

3. Database Scaling:

   • Replication — creating copies of the database to distribute read load.
   • Sharding — dividing data into parts (shards), each stored on a separate server.

4. Caching — reducing load on the database and servers by storing frequently requested data in memory (e.g., Redis, Memcached).

5. Using CDN — for scaling the delivery of static content.

The choice of method depends on the system architecture, fault tolerance requirements, and budget.