How do controlled computers in a botnet receive instructions from the command center?

Controlled computers in a botnet receive instructions from the command and control (C&C) center through various communication channels, which may include:

• HTTP/HTTPS requests to specific servers where the bot requests commands.
• Use of IRC (Internet Relay Chat) protocols to receive messages.
• P2P networks, where commands are spread among infected machines without a central server.
• Use of social networks, forums, or other legitimate platforms for covert command transmission.

Thus, the bot regularly contacts the command center, receives instructions, and executes them, allowing cybercriminals to manage the botnet remotely.