What approaches are most effective for eliminating code duplication in a project?

To eliminate code duplication (DRY — Don't Repeat Yourself) in a project, the following approaches can be used:

• Extracting repeated code into functions or methods. This is the simplest way — if a piece of code repeats, it should be encapsulated in a function and called when needed.

• Using classes and inheritance. If duplication is related to similar objects or behaviors, you can create a base class and inherit from it, overriding only the unique parts.

• Modules and libraries. Moving common code into separate modules that are imported into different parts of the project.

• Decorators and higher-order functions. For recurring behavior patterns, decorators can be used to avoid copying code.

Example of extracting a function:

# Instead of repeating code twice

def process_data(data):
    # common processing code
    cleaned = clean(data)
    transformed = transform(cleaned)
    return transformed

result1 = process_data(data1)
result2 = process_data(data2)

This approach improves readability and makes code maintenance easier.