Can you explain what database normalization is and why it is necessary?

Database normalization is the process of organizing data in tables to minimize redundancy and dependency. The main goal of normalization is to improve the database structure for increased efficiency and ease of maintenance.

The process involves several normal forms (1NF, 2NF, 3NF, etc.), each imposing specific rules on the table structure:

• Removing repeating groups of data
• Eliminating partial dependencies
• Eliminating transitive dependencies

For example, instead of storing information about orders and customers in one table, the data is divided into two tables: one for customers and another for orders, linked by keys. This reduces duplication and makes data updates easier.