What are the advantages of using ORM compared to writing raw SQL queries manually?

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) offers several advantages over writing raw SQL queries manually:

• Convenience and speed of development: ORM allows working with the database through objects and methods of the programming language, simplifying and accelerating development.

• Abstraction from a specific DBMS: ORM often supports different databases, making application portability easier.

• Security: ORM automatically escapes query parameters, reducing the risk of SQL injection.

• Support for complex relationships: ORM simplifies working with relationships between tables (e.g., one-to-one, one-to-many).

• Caching and optimization: Many ORM frameworks have built-in caching mechanisms and query optimization.

Example of using ORM in Python with SQLAlchemy:

from sqlalchemy import create_engine, Column, Integer, String
from sqlalchemy.orm import declarative_base, sessionmaker

Base = declarative_base()

class User(Base):
    __tablename__ = 'users'
    id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)
    name = Column(String)

engine = create_engine('sqlite:///:memory:')
Base.metadata.create_all(engine)
Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine)
session = Session()

new_user = User(name='Alice')
session.add(new_user)
session.commit()

Thus, ORM helps write cleaner, maintainable, and safer code when working with databases.