Who is responsible for issuing and issuing SSL certificates?

Organizations called Certificate Authorities (CAs) are responsible for issuing and issuing SSL certificates. They verify the authenticity of the domain owner or organization and issue a digital certificate that confirms the security of the connection.

Examples of popular CAs: Let's Encrypt, DigiCert, Comodo, GlobalSign.

In the context of Python, libraries can be used to work with SSL certificates, but the process of obtaining a certificate usually occurs outside of the Python application, through interaction with the CA.