How can the state of a global object be changed inside a function?

In Python, to modify the state of a global object inside a function, you need to use the global keyword if you want to reassign the global variable. If the global object is mutable (e.g., a list or dictionary), you can modify its contents directly without global.

Example:

counter = 0

def increment():
    global counter
    counter += 1

increment()
print(counter)  # Outputs 1

For a mutable object:

config = {'mode': 'test'}

def set_prod_mode():
    config['mode'] = 'prod'

set_prod_mode()
print(config)  # {'mode': 'prod'}