How to determine if an object belongs to a subclass of a specific base class?

In Python, to check if an object is an instance of a subclass of a certain base class, the isinstance() function is used.

Example:

class Animal:
    pass

class Dog(Animal):
    pass

obj = Dog()

print(isinstance(obj, Animal))  # True, because Dog is a subclass of Animal

You can also use issubclass() to check classes:

print(issubclass(Dog, Animal))  # True