What methods are used to achieve isolation of individual system components?

Component isolation in a system is achieved through several methods that minimize mutual influence and enhance stability and scalability:

• Modularity and encapsulation: dividing code into independent modules with clearly defined interfaces.
• Use of interfaces and abstractions: components interact through abstract interfaces, reducing coupling.
• Containerization (e.g., Docker): each component runs in a separate container with isolated resources.
• Processes and threads: running components in separate processes or threads with limited memory access.
• Event-driven architecture and message queues: components communicate via asynchronous messages, reducing direct dependency.
• Use of virtual environments (e.g., venv in Python): isolating dependencies and libraries for each component.

Example: in a web application, the frontend and backend can be isolated via REST API, and the backend — at the level of microservices, each running in a separate container.