What are the principles of OOP in Python?

The main principles of object-oriented programming (OOP) in Python include:

• Encapsulation — combining data and methods that operate on that data within a single class, as well as hiding internal implementation details from the outside world.
• Inheritance — the ability to create new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods.
• Polymorphism — the ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same messages (method calls) in different ways.
• Abstraction — highlighting common characteristics and behaviors of objects, hiding implementation details.

Example:

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof"

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow"

animals = [Dog(), Cat()]
for animal in animals:
    print(animal.speak())  # Demonstrates polymorphism