Is it possible to implement data encapsulation in Python and how is it achieved?

In Python, encapsulation is achieved through naming conventions and mechanisms that restrict access to class attributes.

• Attributes and methods with a single underscore (_attr) are considered protected — it is a convention that they are not intended for external use.
• Attributes with double underscores (__attr) invoke name mangling, which makes access from outside more difficult and serves to create private variables.

Example:

class MyClass:
    def __init__(self):
        self.public = 1
        self._protected = 2
        self.__private = 3

obj = MyClass()
print(obj.public)       # 1
print(obj._protected)   # 2 (but it is not recommended to use)
# print(obj.__private)  # Error
print(obj._MyClass__private)  # 3, access via name mangling

Although Python does not have strict privacy, these mechanisms help organize encapsulation and protect data from accidental access.