What principles of object-oriented programming do you…

Encapsulation, inheritance, polymorphism.

Encapsulation: Combining data (attributes) and methods that operate on this data into a single entity — an object. Hiding the internal implementation of the object from the external environment.

class Car:
    def __init__(self, make, model):
        self._make = make  # Protected attribute
        self._model = model # Protected attribute

    def get_description(self):
        # Method provides access to data
        return f"Brand: {self._make}, Model: {self._model}"

# External code interacts through methods
my_car = Car("Toyota", "Camry")
print(my_car.get_description())

Inheritance: The ability to create new classes (subclasses) that inherit attributes and methods from existing classes (superclasses).

class Animal:
    def speak(self):
        pass # Base method

class Dog(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Woof!" # Override method

class Cat(Animal):
    def speak(self):
        return "Meow!" # Override method

# Using inherited and overridden methods
my_dog = Dog()
my_cat = Cat()
print(my_dog.speak())
print(my_cat.speak())

Polymorphism: The ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same message (method call) in different ways.

class Shape:
    def area(self):
        pass # Base method for calculating area

class Rectangle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, width, height):
        self.width = width
        self.height = height

    def area(self):
        return self.width * self.height # Implementation for rectangle

class Circle(Shape):
    def __init__(self, radius):
        self.radius = radius

    def area(self):
        import math
        return math.pi * self.radius**2 # Implementation for circle

# Objects of different classes calling the same "area" method
rectangle = Rectangle(5, 10)
circle = Circle(7)

shapes = [rectangle, circle]

# Behavior of "area" method depends on object type
for shape in shapes:
    print(f"Area: {shape.area()}")

What principles of object-oriented programming do you know?