What are the other main methods in Python besides…

In Python, besides "magic" methods (also called "dunder" - double underscore methods), there are many other core methods that are part of the standard library or built into the language.

Here are some categories and examples:

1. Built-in functions:

These functions are available without import and provide basic functionality.

# Examples of built-in functions
len([1, 2, 3])  # Returns the length of the object
print("Hello, world!")  # Prints text to the console
type(10)  # Returns the type of the object
isinstance("abc", str)  # Checks if the object is an instance of a class or subclass

2. String methods:

These methods work with string objects.

# Examples of string methods
"hello".upper()  # Converts string to uppercase
"world".startswith("wo")  # Checks if string starts with the specified substring
"добрый день".split()  # Splits the string into a list by delimiter

3. List methods:

These methods work with list objects.

# Examples of list methods
my_list = [1, 2, 3]
my_list.append(4)  # Adds an element to the end of the list
my_list.sort()  # Sorts the list in place
my_list.pop()  # Removes and returns the last element of the list

4. Dictionary methods:

These methods work with dictionary objects.

# Examples of dictionary methods
my_dict = {"a": 1, "b": 2}
my_dict.keys()  # Returns a view of the dictionary's keys
my_dict.values()  # Returns a view of the dictionary's values
my_dict.get("c", 0)  # Returns the value for key "c" or default if not found

5. Set methods:

These methods work with set objects.

# Examples of set methods
set1 = {1, 2, 3}
set2 = {3, 4, 5}
set1.union(set2)  # Returns a new set with elements from both sets
set1.intersection(set2)  # Returns a new set with common elements

6. File system object methods:

These methods are used for working with files and directories.

# Examples of file methods
# Assuming 'file' is an open file object
# file.read()  # Reads the entire file
# file.write("some text")  # Writes text to the file
# file.close()  # Closes the file

7. Class and instance methods:

These are methods defined within classes that work with instances or the class itself.

# Examples of class and instance methods
class MyClass:
    def instance_method(self):
        # Instance method
        pass

    @classmethod
    def class_method(cls):
        # Class method
        pass

    @staticmethod
    def static_method():
        # Static method
        pass

# my_instance = MyClass()
# my_instance.instance_method()
# MyClass.class_method()
# MyClass.static_method()

Most of these methods provide functionality specific to the data type they work with. They are key to creating efficient and readable Python programs.

What are the other main methods in Python besides magic methods?