Have you worked with ORM and raw SQL queries? Which approach do you prefer?

Yes, I have worked with both ORM and raw SQL queries.

ORM (Object-Relational Mapping) allows working with the database through objects and methods, which simplifies development and improves code readability. For example, in Django ORM or SQLAlchemy, you can write queries in Python without delving into SQL.

Raw SQL queries provide full control over the queries, allow for optimization, and enable the use of database-specific features that may not be accessible through ORM.

My preferred approach:

• For standard CRUD operations and typical tasks — ORM, as it is faster and safer.
• For complex, resource-intensive queries or specific optimizations — raw SQL queries.

Example with SQLAlchemy:

# ORM
user = session.query(User).filter(User.id == 1).first()

# Raw SQL
result = session.execute("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = :id", {'id': 1})
user = result.fetchone()

Thus, I combine both approaches depending on the task.