How to implement copying objects in Python to create a full or shallow copy?

In Python, the copy module with functions copy() and deepcopy() are used for copying objects.

• copy.copy(obj) creates a shallow copy of the object — only the object itself is copied, and nested objects remain shared.
• copy.deepcopy(obj) creates a full (deep) copy, recursively copying all nested objects.

Example:

import copy

original = [[1, 2], [3, 4]]
shallow = copy.copy(original)
deep = copy.deepcopy(original)

original[0][0] = 99

print(shallow)  # [[99, 2], [3, 4]] — nested objects are shared
print(deep)     # [[1, 2], [3, 4]] — nested objects are copied