What methods are used for securely storing confidential information in an application?

The following methods are used for secure storage of confidential information in an application:

• Password hashing using algorithms like bcrypt, Argon2, or PBKDF2 to store not the passwords themselves, but their hashes.
• Data encryption with symmetric (AES) or asymmetric algorithms when secrets need to be stored or transmitted.
• Using secret managers (e.g., HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager) for centralized and secure storage of keys and passwords.
• Access restrictions to confidential data through permissions and roles.
• Secure storage of environment variables and configuration files outside the code repository.

Example of password hashing in Python with bcrypt:

import bcrypt

password = b"mysecretpassword"
salt = bcrypt.gensalt()
hashed = bcrypt.hashpw(password, salt)

# Verification
if bcrypt.checkpw(password, hashed):
    print("Password is correct")
else:
    print("Incorrect password")