What are the main methods of increasing productivity you know?

The main techniques for improving performance in Python include:

• Using built-in functions and libraries: they are usually implemented in C and run faster than custom Python code.
• Profiling code: using modules like cProfile, line_profiler to identify bottlenecks.
• Optimizing algorithms and data structures: choosing more efficient algorithms and structures.
• Using generators and iterators: to save memory and speed up data processing.
• Multithreading and multiprocessing: considering GIL and using multiprocessing for parallel tasks.
• Caching results: for example, using functools.lru_cache.
• Using JIT compilers: such as PyPy.

Example of caching with lru_cache:

from functools import lru_cache

@lru_cache(maxsize=128)
def fibonacci(n):
    if n < 2:
        return n
    return fibonacci(n-1) + fibonacci(n-2)

This significantly speeds up Fibonacci number calculations on repeated calls.