Can you tell about magical methods you know in programming languages?

Magic methods in Python are special methods with double underscores at the beginning and end of the name (e.g., __init__, __str__). They allow overriding object behavior and integrating with the language syntax.

Some commonly used magic methods:

• __init__(self, ...) — object constructor.
• __str__(self) — string representation of the object (for str() and print).
• __repr__(self) — official string representation of the object, useful for debugging.
• __len__(self) — returns the length of the object (for len()).
• __getitem__(self, key) — access to elements by index or key.
• __setitem__(self, key, value) — setting a value by index or key.
• __iter__(self) — returns an iterator for the object.
• __call__(self, ...) — allows the object to be called as a function.
• __eq__(self, other) — equality comparison.

Example of using __str__ and __repr__:

class Person:
    def __init__(self, name, age):
        self.name = name
        self.age = age

    def __str__(self):
        return f"{self.name}, {self.age} years old"

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Person(name={self.name!r}, age={self.age})"

p = Person("Ivan", 30)
print(str(p))  # Ivan, 30 years old
print(repr(p)) # Person(name='Ivan', age=30)

Magic methods allow creating more "Pythonic" and user-friendly code.