How can communication between containers in Docker be established without using docker-compose?

To organize communication between Docker containers without using docker-compose, you can create a custom Docker network and run containers within this network. Containers in the same user-defined network can communicate with each other by container name or alias.

Example:

1. Create a network:

docker network create my_network

2. Run containers in this network:

docker run -d --name container1 --network my_network my_image1

docker run -d --name container2 --network my_network my_image2

Now, containers can communicate with each other using the names container1 and container2.

This allows organizing interaction between services without docker-compose, utilizing Docker network capabilities.