What can be passed to the exception constructor in Python?

In Python, the exception constructor can usually accept the following arguments:

• Message string: The most common way to pass an error description. This string will be accessible via the args[0] attribute or str(exc).
• Tuple of arguments: An error message and/or additional data related to it. This tuple will be accessible via the args attribute of the exception.
• Other exceptions: For exception chaining (raising an exception during the handling of another exception). The syntax used is raise NewException from OriginalException.

Example with a message and a tuple:

# Passing a message string
raise ValueError("Invalid value")

# Passing a tuple with a message and additional data
raise MyCustomError("An error occurred", 123, {"detail": "additional info"})

Example with an exception chain:

try:
    # Code that may raise an OSError
    pass
except OSError as e:
    # Raising a new exception referencing the original
    raise RuntimeError("File system error") from e