What are the main principles of object-oriented programming that you know?

Basic principles of object-oriented programming (OOP):

• Encapsulation — combining data and methods that operate on that data into a single object, as well as hiding internal implementation details from the outside world.

• Inheritance — a mechanism that allows creating new classes based on existing ones, inheriting their properties and methods.

• Polymorphism — the ability of objects of different classes to respond to the same messages (method calls) in different ways.

• Abstraction — highlighting the essential characteristics of an object while hiding implementation details.

In Python, these principles are implemented through classes, methods, inheritance, and special methods (e.g., __init__, __str__).