What are magic methods in Python? Examples?

Magic methods in Python are special methods that start and end with double underscores (__method__). They allow overriding the behavior of objects, such as how they are created, compared, converted to a string, etc.

Examples of magic methods:

• __init__(self, ...) — constructor of the object.
• __str__(self) — string representation of the object (for print).
• __repr__(self) — official string representation of the object.
• __add__(self, other) — overriding the + operator.
• __len__(self) — returns the length of the object (for len()).
• __getitem__(self, key) — access by index or key.

Example:

class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __str__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
v3 = v1 + v2
print(v3)  # Vector(4, 6)

Magic methods make Python objects more flexible and integrated with the language.