What methods and approaches should be used to make changes in the code to improve its structure and readability?

The following methods and approaches are used to improve the structure and readability of code:

• Refactoring — systematic improvement of code without changing its external behavior. For example, extracting repeated blocks into functions, renaming variables for clarity.
• Following SOLID principles — helps create flexible and maintainable architecture.
• Using clear and meaningful names for variables and functions — makes the code easier to understand.
• Breaking down code into small functions and modules — simplifies reading and testing.
• Documenting code and writing comments — especially where logic may not be obvious.
• Using static analysis and linters (e.g., pylint, flake8) — helps adhere to style and identify potential errors.

Example of refactoring a Python function:

# Before

def calc(x, y):
    return x * y + x * y

# After

def calc(x, y):
    product = x * y
    return product + product

Although the example is simple, extracting intermediate variables improves readability and makes maintenance easier.