Is Object-Relational Mapping used during data reading operations?

Yes, Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) is used for data reading operations. ORM allows developers to work with the database through objects and classes rather than writing direct SQL queries.

When reading data, ORM translates queries written in the programming language into SQL queries, executes them, and then converts the retrieved records into objects of the corresponding classes.

For example, in PHP using Doctrine ORM, data can be retrieved as follows:

$userRepository = $entityManager->getRepository(User::class);
$user = $userRepository->find(1); // ORM will perform a SELECT and return a User object

Thus, ORM simplifies data handling and improves code readability when reading from the database.