How do you handle the issue of mutual dependencies between components or modules in a project?

To solve the problem of mutual dependencies between components or modules in a Node.js project, several approaches are used:

• Architecture refactoring — extracting common dependencies into separate modules to avoid cyclic references.
• Using interfaces or abstractions — modules depend on abstractions rather than concrete implementations, reducing coupling.
• Lazy loading — importing modules inside functions or after initialization to avoid cyclic dependencies during loading.
• Dependency Injection — passing dependencies from outside, which simplifies dependency management.

For example, if two modules A and B depend on each other, you can move the common logic to a third module C, which A and B will depend on, thereby breaking the cyclic dependency.