Explain what is meant by cyclic dependency between modules or components in a system?

A cyclic dependency between modules or components is a situation where two or more modules depend on each other, forming a closed dependency cycle. For example, module A depends on module B, and module B, in turn, depends on module A.

This leads to problems during code loading or compilation, complicates maintenance and testing, and reduces system modularity. In Node.js, such cycles can cause partial module loading when one of them is not fully initialized.

To avoid cyclic dependencies, it is recommended to:

• Review the architecture and isolate common dependencies into separate modules.
• Use dependency inversion or design patterns that reduce coupling.
• Minimize mutual dependencies between components.