What can be at the infrastructure level in an application?

At the infrastructure level, the application may include the following components and services:

• Databases: Data storage systems (PostgreSQL, MongoDB, Redis, etc.).
• Message brokers: Systems for asynchronous communication between services (RabbitMQ, Kafka).
• Caching: Services for storing frequently used data (Redis, Memcached).
• Logging and monitoring: Systems for collecting, aggregating, and analyzing logs, as well as performance monitoring (ELK Stack, Prometheus, Grafana, Sentry).
• Container orchestration tools: Managing the lifecycle of containerized applications (Docker Swarm, Kubernetes).
• File storage systems: Object storage or file systems for static resources (S3, MinIO).
• API gateways: Entry points for external requests, performing authentication, authorization, load balancing (NGINX, API Gateway).
• CI/CD systems: Tools for automating build, testing, and deployment processes (Jenkins, GitLab CI, GitHub Actions).
• Network components: Load balancers, firewalls, DNS servers.
• Secrets management: Systems for securely storing and issuing secrets (API keys, passwords) (HashiCorp Vault, AWS Secrets Manager).
• Service meshes: Infrastructure layer for managing interactions between microservices (Istio, Linkerd).
• Configuration management systems: Tools for automating server and application setup (Ansible, Puppet, Chef).

These components ensure the operation, scalability, reliability, security, and observability of the application.