Explain the concept of data normalization in a database and why it is necessary.

Data normalization is the process of organizing data in a database to minimize redundancy and ensure data integrity. It involves splitting large tables into smaller ones and establishing relationships between them.

Why normalization is needed:

• It reduces data duplication, saving space and simplifying updates.
• It prevents anomalies during data insertion, updating, and deletion.
• It improves the database structure, making it more logical and easier to maintain.

Example: instead of storing information about clients and their orders in one table, normalization involves creating a separate clients table and a separate orders table, linked by the client key.