What magical methods exist in Python?

Magic methods in Python are special methods that start and end with double underscores (e.g., __init__, __str__). They allow overriding the behavior of built-in operations and integrating with the language syntax.

Main groups of magic methods:

• Initialization and object creation: __new__, __init__
• Object representation: __str__, __repr__
• Arithmetic operations: __add__, __sub__, __mul__, __truediv__, etc.
• Comparison operations: __eq__, __lt__, __gt__, __le__, __ge__, __ne__
• Attribute access management: __getattr__, __setattr__, __delattr__
• Iterators and generators: __iter__, __next__
• Context managers: __enter__, __exit__
• Indexing and slicing: __getitem__, __setitem__, __delitem__
• Calling an object as a function: __call__

Example of overriding an arithmetic operator and string representation:

class Vector:
    def __init__(self, x, y):
        self.x = x
        self.y = y

    def __add__(self, other):
        return Vector(self.x + other.x, self.y + other.y)

    def __repr__(self):
        return f"Vector({self.x}, {self.y})"

v1 = Vector(1, 2)
v2 = Vector(3, 4)
print(v1 + v2)  # Vector(4, 6)

Magic methods are widely used for implementing design patterns and extending class capabilities.