Explain the main differences between race condition and data race.

Race Condition — is a situation where the behavior of a program depends on the unpredictable order of execution of multiple threads or processes. As a result, the program may behave incorrectly if operations are performed in an unexpected order.

Data Race — is a specific case of a race condition, where two or more threads access the same memory area simultaneously, and at least one of them performs a write, without proper synchronization. This leads to undefined behavior and errors.

Key differences:

• All data races are race conditions, but not all race conditions are data races.
• Race conditions can arise from program logic (e.g., incorrect order of operations), while data races are caused by lack of synchronization when accessing shared data.

Example of a data race in Java:

class Counter {
    int count = 0;
    void increment() {
        count++; // non-atomic operation
    }
}

If multiple threads call increment() simultaneously without synchronization, a data race may occur.