How can the compilation process of a program lead to exceptions during runtime?

The compilation process translates source code into bytecode or machine code, but some errors or situations may only manifest during program execution. For example:

• Runtime exceptions, such as division by zero, array index out of bounds, null pointer exception, which are not always detectable by the compiler.
• Class loading errors: if the JVM cannot find the required class during runtime, a ClassNotFoundException will occur.
• Type casting errors: the compiler checks types, but using downcasting can result in a ClassCastException at runtime.

Thus, compilation guarantees syntactic correctness and basic type safety, but some exceptional situations only manifest when the program is run, executing specific code with real data.