What are the default equals and hashCode modifiers in Java?

In the base class Object. The equals method by default compares object references (this == obj). The hashCode method by default returns an integer value, usually derived from the object's memory address.

// Example of Object.equals()
public boolean equals(Object obj) {
    return (this == obj); // Reference comparison
}

// Example of Object.hashCode()
public native int hashCode(); // Native method, implementation in native code

Modifiers are not applicable here; these are methods of the Object class.