How can loose coupling of components be ensured during refactoring?

To ensure loose coupling of components during refactoring, the following approaches can be used:

• Dependency Injection — dependencies are passed from outside rather than created inside the component.
• Use of interfaces and abstractions — components interact through contracts, not directly.
• Single Responsibility Principle — each component is responsible for its part of the functionality.
• Event-driven architecture or Observer pattern — components exchange messages without knowing the details of each other.

This helps reduce coupling, increase testability, and simplify code maintenance.